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​ =Labor =  By Mariah and Claire ** Slave Labor **

Throughout its history, the United States has drawn upon various sources of labor. Slave labor was most common in the South. Though it had its place in the North earlier, ** slavery ** was practically non-exsistent in the North by the mid-nineteenth century. Mostly African Americans made up the slave workforce, but some Native Americans were forced into it as well. Considered to be a lifelong labor system, slavery provided enslaved African Americans with a life of cruelty and mistreatment. The vast majority (75 percent) performed field work which included both men and women working from sunup to sundown and eighteen hour work days at harvest, while work days consisted of about ten hours in the winter. White overseers supervised groups of twenty to twenty-five until the evening when women prepared dinner and socializing took place before turning in. Working in cotton and rice fields, the tasks at hand were tedious and included plowing and planting, chopping weeds with a heavy hoe, and picking the ripe cotton. A great amount of strength was required of them in order to perform tasks such as harvesting the cane and getting it ready for boiling on the sugar plantations. For household servants, the work was less physically demanding and they often gained access to valuable information while working inside of the home. Because they were viewed as loyal members of the family, their white owners often gossipped in their presence. Personal maids, children's nurses, and cooks had the most difficulty attempting to flee, due to the constant supervision of all members of the white family. The minority of slaves worked as weavers, **seamstresses**, carpenters, **blacksmiths** , and mechanics in an occupational field that was known as skilled workers. Slaves were hired out by their masters to work as ** lumberjacks **, miners, **deckhands**, **stokers** , and ** stevedores **. More men than women gained skilled status, and the wages that were earned by the slave often belonged to the owner. Slavery did not officially end until the passing of the thirteenth amendment, despite previous efforts by ** abolitionists ** to end it earlier. As the rise of industry began to take off in America, many African Americans were excluded from occupational fields. The number of black carpenters, for example, declined after 1870 just as construction was beginning to increase. Driven from serving in the restaurant industry as well, they were also banned from working in new trades including the following: boilermaking, plumbing, electrical work, and paperhanging. 1787 ** Slavery is made illegal in the Northwest Territories. The US Constitution states that Congress may not ban the slave trade until 1808. **1793** The Fugitive Slave Law is enacted, which requires for the return slaves who had escaped and crossed into other states. a number of the rebels are hanged; Virginia's slave laws are consequently tightened. **1820** The Missouri Compromise bans slavery north of the Southern boundary from the Missouri Compromise. in Virginia. The militia stops the rebellion, and Turner is hanged. Virginia institutes much stricter slave laws. of slavery. gained in the Mexican-American War. **1849** Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery and becomes one of the most effective and celebrated leaders of the Underground Railroad. **1850** Debate whether territory gained in the Mexican-American War should be open to slavery. It is decided in Compromise of 1850: California is admitted as a free state, Utah and New Mexico territories to be decided by popular sovereignty, and the slave trade in Washington, D.C. is prohibited. It establishes a much stricter fugitive slave law than the original, passed in 1793. anti-slavery sentiments. **1857** The Dred Scott Case holds that Congress does not have the right to ban slavery in states and that slaves are not citizens. **1863** President Lincoln issues the ** Emancipation Proclamation **. **1865** Civil War ends. The Thirteenth Amendment abolishes slavery throughout the United States.
 * Timeline:
 * 1793 ** Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin greatly increases the demand for slave labor.
 * 1800 ** Gabriel Prosser organizes a slave revolt intending to march on Richmond, Virginia. Prosser and
 * 1808 ** Congress bans the importation of slaves from Africa.
 * 1831 ** Nat Turner, an enslaved African American preacher, launches a rebellion
 * 1831 ** William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing the //Liberator//, a weekly paper that advocates the complete abolition
 * 1846 ** The Wilmot Proviso, introduced by Democratic representative David Wilmot, attempts to ban slavery in territory
 * 1852 ** Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, //Uncle Tom's Cabin// is published. It becomes one of the most influential works to stir
 * 1854 ** Congress passes the Kansas-Nebraska Act, establishing the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. The legislation repeals the Missouri Compromise of 1820.
 * 1861 ** The Confederacy is founded when the deep South secedes, and the Civil War begins.

**Terms:** **Abolition ** - The act of officially ending a law, regulation, or practice, such as the institution of slavery. **Blacksmith** -A person whose job is making and repairing iron and metal objects, such as horseshoes. **Lumberjack** -A cutter and transporter of trees for lumber. **Seamstress** -A woman whose occupation is sewing. **Stevedore** -A person whose job is to load and unload ships. 
 * Deckhand **-A person who helps with duties on a ship.
 * Emancipation Proclamation -**A declaration freeing the slaves in the territories still rebelling against the Union.
 * Slavery -**bondage: the state of being under the control of another person.
 * Stoker **-A person whose job is to add fuel to and tend a furnace or boiler, especially on a steamship.

​ **For More on Slave Labor Visit the Following Links: ** [|**http://www.sonofthesouth.net/slavery/history-slavery.htm**]   [|**http://www.articlemyriad.com/slavery_south.htm**] **Child Labor** Child laborers were highly preferred in the workforce. Employers could pay them less and the young children tended not to strike. Children would work in mines, glass factories, ** canneries ,** ** peddlers **, in agriculture, home industries, as newspaper boys, and as messengers. Many families depended on the children to perform these jobs in order for the family to survive. By 1900, 1.7 million children under the age of sixteen were working in factories. Because their involvement in the work force was thought to have kept their families from starvation, employers practically dominated their lives, often forcing them to work from dawn until sunset, and longer hours in the winter which included 68-72 hour work weeks. Beginning with the traditional idea of all family members assisting with agricultural work on farms, immigrants (especially the Polish) followed their example, often employing their children who were as young as five-years-old to take part in tasks such as canning oysters. State legislatures eventually passed laws that limited the children's work day to ten hours; however, few employers ever followed this law. In the late 1800's, over 1,600 laws were passed within states that served primarily to regulate working conditions and limited or forbidded child labor; these laws, however, did not apply to immigrants. With many simply failing to acknowledge them and the U.S. Supreme Court deeming the questioning of child labor laws as "unconstitutional," children continued to be exposed to the harsh working conditions, insufficient pay, and cruel nature of their employers. Due to their small stature, many children were left with no other option than to climb upon machines within the mining and mill factories in order to operate the heavy machinery, resulting in the curving of their spines and stunted growth. Having to move at various times throughout the year due to seasonal labor, it was virtually impossible for children to attend school or form ties within the rural communities. Suffering from **tuberculosis** and ** bronchitis ** for those children who worked in coal or cotton mills, others developed diseases due to the harsh working conditions that they were exposed to, which included poor air quality. Because of the dangerous conditions that they were forced to work under, several accidents occurred in which their small hands got stuck in the rotating machines, or fell as they were attempting to operate the heavy machinery, resulting in high mortality rates. Earning less than adult laborers and viewed as valuable for their small hands that were used to handle small parts and tools, their employers often viewed these incidents as being a risk that came along with the task at hand. The words of an employer by the name of Lewis Hine reflects the average employer's perspective, "There is work that profits children, and there is work that brings profit only to employers. The object of employing children is not to train them, but to get high profits from their work." <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**Timeline:**
 * 1832 -** New England Unions condemn child labor.
 * 1836 -** Trade unions propose minimum age laws.
 * 1836 -** Massachusettes enacts **The First Child Labor Laws**.
 * 1842 -** States put a limit on the amount of hours in a child's work day.
 * 1865 -** The Thirteenth Amendment provides no legal protection to child slaves.
 * 1879 -** The **Carlisle Indian Industrial School** was founded. Indian children learned various trades.
 * 1880 -** Calvin Woodward founded the Manual Training School to increase the quality of goods produced by the workers.
 * 1883 -** New York bans cigar rolling in **tenements,** which was a common job performed by child laborers.
 * 1892 -** Illinois govenor John Altgeld got a law passed that limited women and children's work hours to eight per day.
 * 1894 -** Democrats adopt minimum age platform.
 * 1895 -** The Illinois Association of Manufacturers had the Illinois legislature remove the law that limited women and children's work day to eight hours.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Terms: <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Bronchitis -** The inflammation of the mucous membrane in the airways bronchial tubes of the lungs, resulting from infection or irritation and causing breathing problems and severe coughing. [] [] <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> <span style="background-color: #380638; color: #800080; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 144%; text-align: center;">Women Labor ** Before the ** Industrial Revolution **, many women worked inside of the home, or what was deemed as the "**woman's sphere** ." Beginning in the 1790's, the **Second Great Awakening** played a large role in the transformation of the status that women held within the home.Spurred by the **market revolution**, the **evangelical religion** reached new heights as the faith attracted new audiences, defining what society expected from both the male and female genders. Expected to be nurturing, gentle, and moral, women often formed associations within churches, building the foundation for strong networks that offerred advice regarding child rearing. Women were also responsible for providing a quiet, well-ordered, and relaxing refuge for their husbands. With their husbands making their way to the city for a job or working in a traveling job, many women had to run the farm and the home, and were regarded as the "supporters" of their husband's ambitions. Single women would perform domestic jobs in other homes, while others owned businesses. With the coming of the Industrial Revolution, many young women left the farm and got jobs in the **textile mills** and factories. By 1840, ten percent of women worked outside the home. Even though some women believed that their work in textile factories and domestic services provided them with independent wages, mobility, and a better standard of living, the vast majority believed that they were still dominated by men, who often assumed supervisory roles over the female laborers and earned higher wages. Employers hired women because they could pay them less, and women had experience in textiles. Suffering from dangerous and unsanitary working conditions, a woman's homelife suffered as well, due to having to manage both domestic and child care duties along with their low-paying job. Daughters of St. Crispin -** The United States's first national women's labor organization founded by women shoe stichers. **Evangelical Religion** -A faith that stressed the achievement of salvation through personal faith. **Woman's Sphere** -A term used to proclaim the home as the middle-class woman's natural environment. <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">For More on Women Labor Visit the Following Links: <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">[|**http://womenshistory.about.com/od/worklaborunions/a/early_america.htm**] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[|**http://www.historynow.org/12_2006/historian4.html**] <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"><span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="background-color: #064106; color: #008000; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 144%; text-align: center;">**Immigrant Labor** An important part of the labor force was the large number of immigrants that came to the United States for economic and political reasons. Many were fleeing famines, political unrest, and various forms of persecution. Forced off the land in their native country, the Irish were faced with no other choice than to move elsewhere to provide a better life for themselves, while those who were factory workers in Germany and Great Britain fled industrial depressions. By 1850, there were 961,719 Irish immigrants in the United States, working as unskilled laborers in the fields of mining and construction on the railroads and in ** canals **. Between 1860 and 1890, 10 million people immigrated to the United States, the largest portion coming from Europe and Asia, and between 1870 and 1900, twelve million immigrants ventured to America. Seventy percent of these immigrants came through New York City. Immigrants were payed less than all other workers and found it difficult to find jobs in general. Predominating in occupations including meat processing, clothing and textile manufacturing, cigar making, and mining, immigrants competed for the limited jobs that were available. Immigrant women competed against African American women for domestic service in cities such as Atlanta, Boston, New York, and Chicago. Securing jobs for themselves in boilermaking, plumbing, electrical work, and paperhanging, were the European immigrants who competed against the African American men who had great difficulty finding work based on **discriminatory** and exclusionary practices. On the west coast by 1851, twenty-five thousand Chinese immigrants came because of the Gold Rush, leaving their homelands that were prone to severe famine and political turmoil. Agreeing to work four to five years in railroad construction without wages in exchange for ocean transport, a large amount of Chinese immigrants signed up as contract laborers. After their contracts expired, proprietors of small businesses and white men viewed them as a threat to the limited amount of jobs, thereby increasing the tension and competitive strife. Similarly to the African Americans, the Chinese also faced discrimination as rioters began to call for their ** deportation. ** The Chinese Exclusion Act that was passed by Congress in 1882 put them on suspension, limited their civil rights, and forbade their ** naturalization. ** 1790 - Naturalization Act :** Citizenship denied to "nonwhites." Congress passed laws that allowed any white person to apply for citizenship after two years of residency. ​ ** 1846 -** Irish immigrate because of potato famine. <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**Terms:**
 * [[image:glimpse.jpg width="314" height="195"]][[image:USAWpalmer.jpeg width="215" height="198"]]
 * Canneries -** A factory where food is canned.
 * Carlisle Indian Industrial School- ** The teachers at the school were hired to educate the students in academics and industry. The school followed was modeled after the military.
 * First Child Labor Laws -** Children must attend school for at least three months of the year.
 * Peddlers -** A person selling or offfering goods.
 * Tenement -** An apartment that is poorly built and in poor condition.
 * Tuberculosis -** An infectious disease that causes small rounded swellings tubercles to form on mucous membranes, which affects the lungs.
 * For More on Child Labor Visit the Following Links:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Timeline: **
 * 1844 -** The women workers at Lowell Textille Mill petition the Massachusettes legislature because they felt the pace they were working at put their well-being in peril.
 * 1866 -** African American **laundresses** in Mississippi form a union and strike for an increase in wages.
 * 1869 -** The **Daughters of St. Crispin** formed
 * 1883 -** The **Knights of Labor** agree to allow women to join
 * 1888 -** United Garment Workers of America, a female chapter of the Knights of Labor, formed.
 * 1899 -** The National Consumers League formed.
 * 1900 -** The International Ladies Garment Workers Union is formed.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Terms:
 * Domestics -** with respect to the home or family
 * Industrial Revolution -** The transformation from an agricultural nation to an industrial nation.
 * Knights of Labor -** A labor organization founded in 1869 which opened its membership to workers.
 * Laundress -** A woman who washes clothing and linens.
 * Second Great Awakening -**A movement that quietly began in New England in the 1790's, but soon moved throughout Protestant churches of the entire country preaching the importance of dedication to one's religious beliefs; encouraged the people to become more religiously devoted by way of threatening damnation.
 * Textile Mills -** A factory for making textiles.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Timeline:
 * 1798 -** The Alien and Sedition Acts are passed.
 * 1807 **-According to the U.S. Congress, it is illegal to import African slaves.
 * 1819 -** Congress passes legislation concerning immigration from Europe through America's ports.
 * 1845 **-Anti-immigrant "Know-Nothing" political party reaches its peak of support from Americans.
 * 1849 ** -The discovery of gold in California encourages immigration, much of which is from the Chinese.
 * 1860 **-New York becomes the largest Irish city in the world.
 * 1882 **-** Chinese Exlclusion Act :** Chinese laborers are denied citizenship and entry into the U.S.
 * 1885 **- Contract Labor Law: It is illegal to import unskilled aliens overseas.
 * 1891 **- **Immigration Act** establishes the Bureau of Immigration, directing the deportation of aliens unlawfully in the U.S.
 * Canal **-An artificial waterway constructed for use by shipping, for irrigation, or for recreational use; a canal may take in parts of natural rivers along its course.
 * Deportation **-to force a foreign national to leave a country
 * Discriminatory **-treating a person or group unfairly, especially because of prejudice about race, ethnicity, age, religion, or gender
 * Immigration Act **-first comprehensive law for immigration control
 * Naturalization **-to grant citizenship to someone of foreign birth, or to acquire citizenship in an adopted c ountry
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> For Information on Immigrant Labor Visit the Following Links:  **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[] **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[] **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">

<span style="background-color: #f27d8c; color: #ff0042; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 180%; text-align: center;">Time to Review!​
 * Match the terms or pictures to their type of labor:**

Slave Labor-- A Child Labor-- B Women Labor-- C Immigrant Labor-- D 1. Naturalization 2. Daughters of St. Crispin 3. Canneries 4. Bronchitis 5. 6. Canal 7. Deckhand 8. 1865 was very important for this type of labor 9. 1888 a union formed to aid this particular group of laborers 10. Contract Labor Law 11. John Altgeld 12. Mexican-American War 13. The //Liberator// 14. Carlisle Indian Industrial School 15. These laborers agreed to work for four to five years

Here are the answers! http://labor1789-1900.wikispaces.com/Answers

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<span style="background-color: #808080; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 130%; text-align: center;">Sources [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []